Modbus Copilot

Ask a Modbus device questions by tag name instead of by register number.

you:     what's the suction pressure on Pump-01?
claude:  2.0 bar — holding register 0, raw 20, scaled x0.1, read 1s ago

Not this, which is what a raw Modbus MCP server gives you:

you:     read holding registers 40001 to 40010

That difference is the whole project. A Modbus device answers questions about register 40001. An engineer asks about suction pressure. The meaning in between lives in a vendor PDF and in the head of whoever commissioned the panel.

Write-up: I gave Claude a live Modbus device

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Run the whole lab

Two simulated devices, Node-RED polling them, an MCP server, and a setup UI:

git clone https://github.com/aradhsai/modbus-copilot
cd modbus-copilot
docker compose up -d

MCP endpoint	http://localhost:1882/mcp
Setup UI	http://localhost:3002
Node-RED editor	http://localhost:1882
Pump / chiller (Modbus TCP)	localhost:5022 / localhost:5023

Ports are off the defaults because 1880 and 3000 are usually taken on a machine that runs other things. Override with NODERED_PORT, WIZARD_PORT, PUMP_PORT, CHILLER_PORT.

Connect Claude Desktop

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "modbus-copilot": {
      "command": "npx",
      "args": ["-y", "mcp-remote", "http://127.0.0.1:1882/mcp", "--allow-http"]
    }
  }
}

Claude Desktop launches stdio servers, so a bare { "url": ... } will not work — mcp-remote bridges stdio to the HTTP endpoint. With a token set, add "--header", "Authorization: Bearer <token>".

Then ask it: what devices can you see? · give me a snapshot of both · where exactly did that number come from?

It does not write

There is no write tool. Not disabled by a flag, not gated behind a role — absent from the codebase, so no misconfiguration can enable one.

An LLM holding a writable handle to running plant is a bad idea, and the only way to be certain a misconfiguration cannot enable one is for the code not to exist. If you need supervisory writes, build that path deliberately, with an interlock and an operator in front of it. Do not inherit it from a chat client.

The profile is the asset

One YAML file per device model. Version it, review it, share it — so one person's afternoon with the vendor manual becomes a reusable artefact instead of tribal knowledge.

device:
  name: Pump-01
  host: 192.0.2.10
  unit_id: 1
  byte_order: big
  word_order: big      # stated, never defaulted

tags:
  - name: suction_pressure
    kind: holding
    address: 0          # the manual says 40001
    type: uint16
    scale: 0.1
    unit: bar

Two things it is strict about, because both are where Modbus work quietly goes wrong:

Addresses are zero-based protocol addresses. A manual saying 40001 means holding register 0. The conversion happens once, at import, so nothing downstream has to work out which convention a number is written in.

Word order must be declared. A 32-bit value assembled the wrong way round produces a number that looks plausible and is wrong, which is worse than an error. A profile that does not say is rejected at load.

Check the map before you trust it

node tools/validate.js --profile profiles/pump-01.yaml --host localhost --port 5022

Reads every tag several times and reports what answers, what never moves, and what does not exist. Findings roll up: if every tag under a branch is unreachable then the branch is the finding, one line rather than forty.

▲  3 live · 3 static · 0 zero · 3 unreachable

✗  Plant-Room/Dosing-01   NOT RESPONDING — 3 tags, none answered.
                          One cause, not 3: wrong address block, unwired card, or device offline.
●  Plant-Room/Pump-01     3 live · 3 static
      running_hours              214.00 h    holding@20
         ↳ word_order: reads 214 as mapped, 14024704 with words swapped — confirm which is right

It deliberately knows nothing about processes. An earlier version carried plausible ranges per unit so it could catch a missing scale factor; it passed a temperature reading 386 °C because the band was wide, and narrowing the band would have failed legitimate plants. There is no setting that works, because the information needed is not in the tag map — and a tool that argues with an engineer about their own process gets uninstalled. What is left is structural and generalises to any device.

Import a tag database

node tools/import-csv.js --in samples/site-taglist.csv --device Site-A --host 192.0.2.10

Column names are matched loosely, 4xxxx/3xxxx/1xxxx/0xxxx are converted, and Area/Equipment columns become the hierarchy the report rolls up by.

Tools the model gets

Tool	Answers
list_devices	what is configured
list_tags	every point, with units
search_tags	"which tags mention temperature?"
read_tag	one point, with provenance
read_tags	several, sharing a moment
read_all	a snapshot

The tag map is exposed as tools rather than pasted into a prompt, because small models act on tools and ignore paragraphs.

Architecture

device ──▶ Node-RED ──▶ tag layer ──▶ MCP ──▶ assistant
           any protocol   name · unit ·        read-only
                          scale · age

Node-RED does acquisition, and that is the point rather than a compromise: node-red-contrib-modbus alone gets ~12,400 downloads a week, and the same ecosystem covers OPC UA, S7 and BACnet. What it has never had is a tag model. Add one, and adding a protocol becomes a wiring job rather than a code change.

Not production

The simulator behaves like plant — the pump's discharge follows a curve, its bearing holds heat, the chiller's delta-T narrows as load falls — but it is still a simulator behaving well. A real panel has a serial gateway that drops requests under load, a manual that disagrees with the device, and a unit ID nobody wrote down. Take this as a commissioning aid and a starting point, not a product.

Credit

The idea of putting Modbus behind MCP is not mine — alejoseb/ModbusMCP got there first and proved the shape. This takes a different line: it adds the semantic layer, and it drops write support on purpose.

Apache-2.0.